初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納:介詞
初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最難的是語(yǔ)法,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法跟漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法有很大的不同。對(duì)于從小就生活在中國(guó)的同學(xué)們,學(xué)起英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法來(lái)會(huì)顯得特別吃力。下面為大家講解一下初中英語(yǔ)介詞的語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)。
常用介詞介紹
(一)表示時(shí)間的介詞:
1.at, on, in
(1)at表示“在某一時(shí)刻、某一時(shí)點(diǎn)”
at5:30 在5:30 at sunrise日出時(shí) at lunch午飯時(shí) at noon 正午時(shí) at night夜間
I get up at 6:00 everyday.我每天6:00起床。
表示“在……歲”時(shí)用at the age of…。
如:at the age of five.在五歲時(shí)。
(2)on表示“在具體某一天或某天的上、下午”。如:
on Monday在星期一 onApril1st在四月一日
I heard a shot on the morning of March 18.三月十八日早晨我聽到一聲槍響。
泛指上、下午、晚上、夜間時(shí)用in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night;但若指具體某一天的上述時(shí)段時(shí),則一律用on。
如:On the afternoon of May 23.在五月二十三日下午。
(3)in表示“在某月、季節(jié)、年、世紀(jì)”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。
In September 在九月 in winter 在冬季 in1999 在1999年 in the 20th century 在20世紀(jì)
in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上
2.for, during, through
(1)for表示“一段時(shí)間”,后接與數(shù)詞連用的時(shí)間名詞。多與完成時(shí)連用。
I’ve been a soldier for 5 years.我入伍已5年了。
She has been ill for several days.她已經(jīng)病了幾天了。
表示“持續(xù)一段時(shí)間”時(shí),for后面必須跟“數(shù)字+時(shí)間名詞”,而during后決不可接數(shù)字。
(2)during表示“在……期間”
He visited many nice places during his stay here.在他逗留期間他參觀了許多美麗的地方。
What did you do during the summer vacation?你在暑假做了什么?
(3)through表示“一直……,自始至終”
They worked hard through the winter.整個(gè)冬天他們都在努力工作。
She treated me like her brother through these years.這些年來(lái)她始終把我當(dāng)哥哥對(duì)待。
3.from, since
(1) from表示“等時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)”,作“從……”解,多用于“from…to/till…”中。
You can come any time from Monday to Friday.周一至周五你什幺時(shí)間來(lái)都行。
The exam will start from 9:00 a.m.考試將從上午九點(diǎn)開始。
①from“從……(開始)”未必持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,如:
from 1995 to 1998.從1995年到1998年。
而since是指“自從……以來(lái)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”
�、趕ince一般只與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,而from不受此限。
(2)since表示“自從……以來(lái)(直到現(xiàn)在)”
He has been away from home since 1973.他自從1973年就離開了家鄉(xiāng)。
We have known each other since ten years ago.我們十年前就認(rèn)識(shí)了。
for與since表示一段時(shí)間,但for與時(shí)間段連用,而since與時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用。
如for two hours(持續(xù))兩小時(shí);since last week自從上周直到現(xiàn)在
4.before, by, till, until
(1)before指“在……之前”
Please come before ten o’clock.請(qǐng)10點(diǎn)以前來(lái)。
The meeting will end after 3:00 p.m. 會(huì)議將在下午三點(diǎn)后結(jié)束。
表示“在……以前”時(shí),before與by基本可通用。但by還有“截至……為止”之意,此時(shí)可與完成時(shí)連用,而before一般不與完成時(shí)連用。如:
How many models have you made by the end of last month?
截至上月底你做了多少個(gè)模型?
(2)by指“不遲于,到……時(shí)為止,在……以前”
I must finish my home work by lunch.午飯前我必須做完作業(yè)。
We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term.
到上學(xué)期末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了1000多個(gè)單詞了。
(3)tell(until)“直到……為止”
You must wait for him till tomorrow.你必須一直等到他明天。
He didn’t come back until twelve o’clock last night.他昨晚下到12點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。
在肯定句中,till(until)必須與延續(xù)動(dòng)詞連用。若與點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞連用,till(until)只能用于否定句中。
5.after, in, within
�、賏fter表示“在……之后”,是before的反義詞。
We’ll hold a party after dinner.晚餐后我們將舉辦晚會(huì)。
He got a cancer and died after a year.他患了癌癥,一年后去世了。
I’ll phone you after I arrive.到達(dá)后我給你打電話。(after作連詞)
�、趙ithin“在……時(shí)間之內(nèi)”
I can finish it with an hour.我不需一小時(shí)就可把它做完。
比較 after與in
�、賏fter后可跟時(shí)間段,也可跟時(shí)間點(diǎn),如after school(放學(xué)后),
而in后必須跟一段時(shí)間,如in an hour(一小時(shí)后)。
�、赼fter既可用于將來(lái)時(shí),也可用于過去時(shí),而in只能用于將來(lái)時(shí)。
③after既可作介詞,又可作連詞,而in只能作介詞②in“在……時(shí)間之后”
I’ll arrive in an hour.我一小時(shí)后到達(dá)。
in與within后都必須跟時(shí)間段。
(二)表示“地點(diǎn)、方向”的介詞:
1.In out side between, among
�、賗n表示“在……里面”,如:
What’s in the box?盒子里是什么?
She put her book in the desk.她把書放進(jìn)了書桌。
②outside指“在……外面”
There are many people out side the room.房間外有很多人。
What did you see out side the hall?你在大廳外看見了什么?
③between在……之間(指二者)
There is a hospital between the hotel and the post office.在賓館與郵局之間有所醫(yī)院。
The building stands between the park and the small river.那棟建筑位于公園和小河之間。
between是指“在兩者之間”,而among指“在多個(gè)之間”。
�、躠mong在……之間(指三者以上)
“There is a thief among you.” The policeman shouted to the crowd.
警察向人群喊道:“你們中間有個(gè)小偷!”
He found his place among the crowd.他在人群中找到了他的位置。
2.on, above, over, below, under
(1)on在……上面,表面相互接觸。
There is an apple on the table.桌上有一個(gè)蘋果。
On the top of the hill, there is a flag.山頂有一面旗子。
(2)above只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”,與below相對(duì)。
A plane flew above our heads.一架飛機(jī)從我們頭上飛過。
The Turners live above us.特納一家人住在我們的上面。
(3)over“在……正上方”,與under相對(duì)。
There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座橋。
The picture is hanging over the blackboard.那張圖掛在黑板的正上方。
(4)below在……下方,低于……
There are many flowers below the window.窗下有很多花。
Her skirt reaches just below her knees.她的裙子剛到膝蓋下。
(5)under在……正下方
They sat under a big tree, drinking.他們坐在一棵大樹下喝酒。
What are you wearing under your coat?你外套里面穿了什么?
3.near, by, beside
(1)near在……附近,與far相對(duì)
A hospital was built near the railway station.在火車站附近建了一所醫(yī)院。
My hone is near the school.我的家離學(xué)校很近。
(2)by=beside,靠近,在……旁邊,比near距離更近
He just sat by/ beside me in the cinema.在電影院他就坐在我旁邊。
He lay down beside the statuary.他在雕像旁躺下了。
4.In front of, behind, around
(1)in front of在……前面
A river flows in front of the house.房子前有一條河
They put a bunch of flowers in front of the door.他們?cè)陂T前放了一束花。
In the front of表示“在……前部”,指里面。
There is a red chair in the front of the room.在房間前半部有把紅椅子。
(2)behind在……后面
A high building stands behind the village.村子后面有一高層建筑。
The cat lies behind the door.貓?zhí)稍陂T后面。
(3)around在……周圍,圍繞
There are many trees around the village.村子周圍有很多樹圍繞。
There are flowers around the stage.舞臺(tái)周圍擺著鮮花。
5.from, to, for, into, out of
(1)from從……
The train started from Paris.火車發(fā)自巴黎。
She will fly from Beijing to Hong Kong.她將從北京飛往香港。
(2)to到……(目的地)去,向……
He went to Germany last year.他去年去了德國(guó)。
They got to the town very late.他們很晚才到那個(gè)鎮(zhèn)。
(3)for向……,表目的方向
He left for Tianjin on business yesterday.他昨天出差去天津了。
The train for Shanghai has been away.去往上海的火車已經(jīng)開走了。
towards, to和for都可表示“向……”,其區(qū)別如下:
�、賢owards僅指朝向某個(gè)方向,不一定是目的地,而to和for都是“向目的地”。
�、趂or作“向(目的地)”時(shí),常用于固定搭配中,如:leave for; start for
(4)into進(jìn)入
Please put the water into the bottle.請(qǐng)把水倒入瓶子里。
The teacher came into the classroom with a smile.老師微笑著走進(jìn)了教室。
(5)out of從……出來(lái)
A beautiful girl in red went out of the shop.一個(gè)穿紅衣服的漂亮女孩從商店里走了出來(lái)。
They pulled him out of the water.他們把他從水里拉了出來(lái)。
6.along, across, through
(1)along沿著
He likes to drive along the river.他喜歡沿著河開車。
There are all kinds of beautiful flowers along the road street.沿街有著各種美麗的花。
(2)across橫穿
The little girl is afraid to go across the street.這個(gè)小女孩不敢橫穿馬路。
It’s dangerous to run across the busy road.跑著穿越繁忙的馬路是很危險(xiǎn)的。
(3)through穿過
It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.開車穿過這條隧道花了我們10分鐘時(shí)間。
He pushed his way through the crowd to the plat form.他從人群里擠到了站臺(tái)。
7.at, in
二者都表示“在某個(gè)地方”,但at多指較小的地方,如車站、家等,而in多指在“大地方”,如城市、國(guó)家、大洲等。(但大小有時(shí)也是相對(duì)的)。
He lives at No.27 Zhongshan street in Nanjing.他住在南京市中山路27號(hào)。
TheplanewillarriveinBeijingat13:00.飛機(jī)將于13點(diǎn)到達(dá)北京。
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